Loneliness: An Interpretation

The poem, â€Å"Loneliness† by Laura Cortes talks about the universal experience of loneliness. The poem narrates the experience of a man who lives in the highlands and whose business is growing apples. The first stanza provides the background of the man and the setting. In the poem, the man lives in a stone house in the mountains. Literally, this means that the man has built his house in the highlands or in a farm where he grows apples. The house is said to be surrounded by memories and ghosts, making it an old house.This denotes that some people used to live in the house, and once shared memories but now they have either left (serve as â€Å"memories†) or passed away (â€Å"ghosts†). The second stanza expresses the man’s situation. He is alone and has no one to talk to. In his lonely times he talks to the trees. The line, â€Å"but he would never leave them alone† (8) means that although the apples cannot reply, the man never leaves them and keeps on speaking to them. It also states how long the apples have lived. Since the apples have been around for forty years, the man is probably in his 60s or 70s.The third stanza depicts the life of the man. During his youth he had forty hands or twenty men helping him. During that time he had wonderful harvests that made him wealthy. This could likewise be the peak of his career as a businessman, and the happiest time of his family life. The last line that says, â€Å"with the young and united family smiling† denotes the time when his children were young and the family was complete. The last stanza talks about what happens to the man after forty years. This time, both he and the apple trees are tired and old. The man is tired from life while the trees are tired from bearing fruits.Both of them are thus tired from the harvests they made but they still look forward to another harvest, another season that will soon come. Figuratively, the central idea of the poem is expressed throu gh a metaphor. The man in the poem is indirectly compared to his apple trees. Symbolically, the apples, with their fresh scent, represent the man’s youth and life. Like the apple trees that have their peak harvest, the man also experiences the peak of his life, but just like the apples that grow old and wither with time, the man reaches old age and becomes solitary.As stated in the first stanza, he lives in a house of stone amid the mountains. The stone house reflects his wealth and stature, while the mountains could represent the solitude and loneliness he suffers from. There is semblance between him and the apple trees. Like the apple trees which are once bountiful in harvest, the man in his youth used to have everything, a nice house, a happy and united family, a stable business as represented by the forty hands that help him. However, as expressed in the second stanza, he is alone now, and has no one to talk to but his trees.In the third stanza, the man’s family is described as a â€Å"united family† during his youth, which suggests that now his loved ones are gone, they have either left him and moved to another place, or have passed away. This mainly causes the man to feel lonely. The last stanza expresses the tiredness and oldness of both the man and the apples. Again, the comparison is expressed between their present condition and their waiting for the next harvest. The â€Å"harvest† in the last line could mean not only the harvesting of apples but the coming of a new season, a new life which is beyond the life he has lived on earth.

Paying Division One Athletes

ENG 100P April 12, 2013 Pay to Play: Should Division One College Athletes be Paid? Every year division one college athletes put everything they have on the line during practice everyday and make hundreds of millions of dollars for their schools and the NCAA every year. These athletes aren’t just playing for the love of the game anymore once they reach the division one level, it turns into more of a job than an activity. The players spend hours every single day dedicating almost all of their time to the sport they play.These athletes work just as long and much harder than your average person working a nine to five job, so why don’t the athletes get paid for their commitments to their teams? Last year the NCAA made 871. 6 million dollars from division one sports. The average division one men’s football team brings in 15. 8 million dollars to their school each year. The amount of money that these sports make for their school is so high; the players should get some k ind of reward for all they do for their schools.The old rules that say college athletes cant be paid in any way needs to change, division one college athletes deserve to be paid for all they do for the NCAA and their schools. Growing up every athlete’s dreams of playing in that national championship game for their dream school and scoring the winning touchdown or overtime goal. As a child you don’t realize that commitment it takes to be part of a division one athletic team. Coming from a big lacrosse and football town, my friends and I have gone through the division one recruiting process and know how hard it is to play a division one sport.Many of my former teammates play division one lacrosse and after talking to them I realized really how tough it is to play a division one sport. When asked about how lacrosse at Sacred Heart University was going, Freshman Spencer Hackett said; â€Å" I’ve grown up with lacrosse and I love the sport very much, but division on e is so much more then I thought it would be. Everyday I have two practices that last at least two hour, then after that I have mandatory lift and film sessions. Spencer dedicates at least six hours every day for his team, and they’re one of the lowest ranked teams in division one, I can only imagine the commitment it takes to play on a high ranked team. In my personal experience of going through the division one recruiting process, I saw how much blood; sweat and tears go into being a division one athlete. On my overnight visit at University of Massachusetts, which is a top 20 team, most of my day was watching the team practice, or lift, or watch film.It seemed like everything they did was revolved around lacrosse and to me that’s not what college is about. These division one athletes have such little time to socialize and make friends outside of their sports; everything they do is revolved around their sports. The fact that athletes willingly dedicate so much time to their sports is a huge reason why they should be paid. Division one athletics, especially sports such as football and basketball, are extremely profitable for the NCAA and for their schools. According to NCAA. org, the NCAA’s revenue for the 2011-2012 athletic seasons was 871. million dollars. The NCAA makes an extremely large amount of money from division athletics, with most of the money coming from television contracts and championships such as March Madness. Schools such as Texas make hundreds of millions of dollars because of their excellence in many sports, last year their football team profited $68,830,484. A lot of the money schools make, such as Texas, is from selling merchandise. Big name schools sell tons of merchandise to the public; selling products such as jerseys should be illegal if they players don’t get paid.Why could they sell jerseys with players number on them but that player doesn’t get compensated for using their number on the jersey? Rob ert and Amy McCormick of Michigan State University have added a new dimension to the long debate over paying athletes by arguing they are â€Å"employees† under federal labor laws and entitled to form unions and negotiate wages, hours and working conditions. † Robert McCormick was the former attorney for the Nation Labor Relations Board and if he is saying that these players are employees, it’s about time that the NCAA recognizes them as employees also.A common argument against paying college athletes is that they won’t compete as hard because it won’t be the same as when they weren’t getting paid, but that argument has absolutely nothing to do with paying players. If anything, paying the players would make them work harder so that they could make more money! I believe that the best way to go about paying these players would be contracts, just like the professional athletes and like any other employee in the United States.These contracts woul d go on to say that the players would be paid an amount depending on their contribution to the team and that students would need to finish their schooling so that they have a backup plan. That is why you’re supposed to go to college in the first place, isn’t it? So that you can get a good education! To do this the NCAA would need the support from the professional sport teams and not draft players who haven’t graduated college yet. Another argument why players shouldn’t be paid to play is because they students-athletes and that there is a reason student becomes before athletes.Realistically, these young men and women aren’t student-athletes at all. Many of the players on division one team would never have gotten into college if it weren’t for sports. Also, if they are student-athletes then where do they find the time to do their schoolwork when they have practice, film, lifting, running etc. all day? The only reason many athletes go to colleg e is so that they can get looks from the pros. If they are student-athletes then why do many of them leave college after a year or two to play professional sport?It’s because college is just a stepping-stone to them, they don’t care about the school aspect. When it comes to division one athletes, they are athletes first and students second. The players know it, the coaches know it, the fans know it, the only people who don’t know it are the people who make up the NCAA. In conclusion, times have changed and it’s time to pay division one athletes for their commitment and for the money they bring in for the schools and the NCAA. With college athletics competition being so tough now and so competitive, players have to dedicate so much more time to their sports then in the past.College athletics are not longer a sport that players do for fun, college athletics are now a job for the players that consists of hours of practice everyday and throwing your social li fe out for your sports college athletics make hundreds of millions of dollars for the NCAA and tens of millions of dollars for the schools, so why is it that these players don’t get compensated for their commitment and contribution to the schools and the NCAA? I personally believe that it is ridiculous that players don’t get paid anymore.One of my best friends Dylan Baumgardner, a lacrosse player at Quinnipiac University said it perfectly when asked if he still loved playing lacrosse, â€Å" I don’t play lacrosse anymore, I go to class, then I go to work all day, then I go to sleep. † Joe Nocera of the New York Times, came up with a plan for college athletics that would make college athletics work like professional sports with signing bonuses, salary caps, insurance, player unions and it would even offer additional scholarships to players who want to further their education. This plan will go into consideration in 2014.

Globalization: Toms a Commodity Fetish Essay

Globalization is the international influence, change, and interaction within or between countries and or nations. This creates an idea of connectedness between the facilitating nation and the nation being influenced. Within this interaction and influence on another nation there becomes this desire to become a â€Å"trendsetter† through the use of products and other various commodities throughout the world. One such example can be seen through the United States which is associated with so many different types of brands such as Coca-Cola or Nike. These influences and trends though cannot be simply placed anywhere, rather they are developed and strategically thought of where they would be best placed and as well alternated to fit within a new environment for optimum consumption. These changes can either hinder a product or can help it through the way in which it is advertised and accepted into the local market. Such an example can be seen through TOMS shoe company where their goal is â€Å"to show how together, we can create a better tomorrow by taking compassionate action today† (Toms.com). TOMS’ business model of buy a pair give a pair is marketed to the U.S. in a way that plays with people’s emotions so that their product becomes a fetish through the idea that once a pair of shoes is bought people are doing good for another person; in particular children in other countries without shoes. This correlates with both Marx’s commodity fetish theory, the cultural imperialism theory and Mazzarella’s idea of the impact of imagery through the direct way TOMS is directed to the consumer and as well how there is an indirect influence from the TOMS shoe company onto the other various countries that they take their shoes to through the positive imagery that is created through the global impact that the company is trying to make. TOMS was started by founder Blake Mycoskie in 2006 after he had gone to Argentina in 2002 and saw the extreme poverty and health conditions and in particular children without shoes (toms.com). The original product came from an Argentine shoe called an alpargata which was worn by the local farmers in the region; it’s a canvas or fabric material with rubber soles. Mycoskie took the alpargata to the U.S. but changed and reinvented it for the American market so that there could be a product that made a positive impact, which ultimately translates to the â€Å"One for One† campaign, where with every one pair of shoes bought another pair would be given to a child in need (toms.com). The reason for the production and business of shoes is due to two reasons first many children in impoverished places live in areas that have unsafe terrains, such as a lack of unpaved roads. Second, there are also health concerns that are transmitted from the soil which is caused by not wearing sh oes. Lastly TOMS did some research and found that many schools require children to wear shoes to the classroom and without shoes or even the right color of shoes that child would not be able to go into the classroom (Daniel:2011:2). With this Mycoskie was able to start a business that now has manufacturing sites in China, Argentina, and Ethiopia (Daniel:2011:4). These production factories are divided up into two â€Å"departments† where the Argentinean and Ethiopian factories are where the donated shoes are produced only and the China factory is where the shoes that go to the United States are produced (toms.com). Because TOMS is a private company meaning that they are â€Å"a business company owned either by non-governmental organizations or by a relatively small number of shareholders or company members which does not offer or trade its company shares to the general public on the stock market exchanges, but rather the company’s stock is offered, owned and traded or exchanged privately† (businessnow.com). This then allows TOMS to be more private and less in the open about what is going on in their factories and other various production stages. However, TOMS is open about their manufacturing practices and according to the TOMS website they ensure that no children are working in the manufacturing process of their shoes. As well they want to help their supply employees through training them and educating them in the knowledge of what human trafficking is and as well slavery prevention. They â€Å"follow local labor standards†; which fluctuate from place to place which gives a very vague reality of what their â€Å"real† standards are. TOMS’ website does say that all factories are audited by third parties, each employer signs a code of conduct in which they are agreeing to follow the stipulations to TOMS company, there are regular visits made by TOMS production staff to make sure they are working and adhering to the code of conduct and other various working standards, and that all their standards are based off of the International Labor Organization Compliance Standards (toms.com). The intent of such standards, then, is to establish a worldwide minimum level of protection from inhumane labor practices through the adoption and implementation of said measures. â€Å"It is the aim of international labor standards to ensure the provision of such rights in the workplace, such as against workplace aggression, bullying, discrimination and gender inequality on the other hands for working diversity, workplace democracy and empowerment†(ilo.org). The basic stages of the production of the shoes goes from a team that draws up the ideas of the shoes, to a mock make-up of the shoe, then the design goes to the factories where they are made and then shipped to the U.S. where they are distributed to the various relaters and non-profit organizations that they partner with for â€Å"shoe drops.† Overall though, there is little information of the production stages and how the production facilities are like; which causes concern seeing as how they have built their ima ge on doing good for others and want to have a positive impact on the local economies. It becomes important to acknowledge that TOMS is a â€Å"for-profit company with giving at its core† (toms.com). TOMS partners up with other various non-profit organizations that run parallel goals and standards as TOMS does. This then means that each non-profit organization that TOMS partners with needs to meet certain criteria. There are six requirements that the organizations need to fulfill to be able to partner up with TOMS. First they need to have repeated giving which is where the potential organization must have the capability to be active within the same communities on a regular basis throughout the years. Second they need to have high impact which means that the organization’s mission and goals need to support health and education in a fashion that underlies the principle of giving a child an opportunity they normally would not have. Third enhancing impact through partnership, TOMS strives to make an influential impact in communities where they donate and the partnering organization needs to have their mission and goals coincide with TOMS’. Fourth, they need to be considerate of the local economy so that there is not a negative impact on the economy only a positive one. Fifth they need to be able to receive large shipments of TOMS’ shoes so that they may distribute the shoes to the places they focus on. Lastly, the potential partnering establishment needs to be comprehensively founded on health and education, so that the distribution of the new shoes not only supports TOMS’ mission but runs parallel with the establishments’ goals (toms.com). These non-profit organizations are not only an important aspect to the overall business of TOMS through the ability to give out the donated shoes but as well to spread the word about TOMS to the various communities that they reach. Non-profit organizations play a key role throughout the TOMS company process. Without these partnering organizations there would not be as frequent â€Å"shoe drops.† These â€Å"shoe drops† are where the donated shoes are given to the children in the targeted area. Each organization plays a key role through going to different places that they see fit and in need of shoes. Even after the shoes have been delivered, TOMS continues to maintain relationships with its giving partners and the communities (toms.com). TOMS constantly monitors its partners for accountability. Additionally the organization recognizes that one pair of shoes is not going to last for the child’s entire lifetime. â€Å"Therefore, as the children grow out of their shoes—approximately every six months—TOMS provides replacement shoes to these same children on a regular basis† (Daniel:2011:5). A schedule is set up with the identified community and local giving partner to maintain a regular Shoe Drop for the children. TOMS’ believes that repeat giving allows it to understand the local’s needs more thoroughly. TOMS also works to adapt its products to account for the region’s terrain, weather, and education requirements (toms.com). However, despite the use of these non-profit organization partnerships there is still a need to spread the word about what the TOMS company is all about and what they are trying to do. The TOMS company does not use conventional advertising in the sense that they use television or newspaper ads rather they use social media to spread what they are doing through the various outlets such as viral videos, blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Tumbler, and Youtube. Its approach has allowed TOMS to reach a vast audience worldwide. TOMS maintains its own blog to educate the public about current events in the company. Additionally, many consumers create their own digital content regarding their experiences with TOMS Shoes. By encouraging events and word-of-mouth communication, TOMS is allowing consumers to do much of the marketing for the company. There is a very strong need for participation from the consumers to spread the word and the idea behind TOMS; so much so that they invite the consumer to be part of the â€Å"movement† (toms.com). The movement for TOMS is a wide range of various activities that the consumers can participate in; from on campus programs, one day without shoes, and most importantly buying their shoes so that another pair can go to a child in need, in other words â€Å"One for One.† The images that are presented in these pictures and information videos there becomes a very powerful image behind them. This coincides with Mazzarella’s argument that the image is a powerful image and how that powerful image then is a created for a local identity on a particular product for each specific place. With TOMS there is a sense of creating a local identity through who the audience is but there is more of an idea that anyone can join in what they are about and doing no matter the age or stage of live one is in. Because, the TOMS Company is asking participation from the consumer they in essence are also asking them to create a meaning behind their purchase and consumption of their shoe product; this in turn causes the shoes to become fetishized. The shoes take on a new meaning for the consumer other than just another pair of shoes. They become a symbol of hope, a chance for a child, a generous gift, and an opportunity for change for the consumer (cite). According to Marx’s theory of the commodity fetish when an object is treated as alive it becomes a fetish. As well Marx argues that capitalism produces its own fetishes through turning basic human needs such as food, warmth, shelter, and shoes into wants; they try to seduce the consumer. The consumer does not think then of the use value the product just becomes something that they want and more often than not the wants are very shallow (Marx). However, TOMS tries to put an anti-shallow want on their shoes through the use of playing with the consumers emotions. TOMS plays at the heart-strings of the consumer so that there becomes an emotional link between the consumer and the product; if the shoes are bought then a child is getting helped. As Marx points out there is an emotional quality in the product and this is often heightened through the way in which it is advertised. Even though TOMS does not use the conventional ways of advertising they do however, put a positive feeling into their information videos that add and heighten this emotional affect. TOMS shoe company falls into this idea of a commodity fetish because TOMS is asking the consumer to fill in the space between the product and the means of it; to fill in the gap according to Marx. TOMS makes its product seem so enticing for the consumer to do good that often times it is forgotten that the company is a for-profit company and it almost gets seen as a non-profit company because of the way in which the company brings forth what it is trying to do. This in turn changes the meaning of the shoe from just a shoe into what the consumers want it to mean. The meaning of the product is not just individually made but socially created and functioning but the use value remains the same; the meaning of the commodity is never locked down rather it is always change and fluxing with the social aspect and get filled with personal lives and not just the companies meaning (Marx). However, even though there is a positive spin on consuming TOMS shoes it’s important to look at how TOMS only releases certain information on what they are doing and their product; they present everything that they do in a way that they are always doing good and nothing bad. This in turn ties in with Cultural Imperialism. Cultural Imperialism is the indirect influence of one culture onto another. It can be argued that while TOMS is having an impact and therefore influence on the cultures that they donate the shoes and have factories in they are in essence having a more influence on the American economic culture through the way in which they have â€Å"revolutionized† the way in which to build a business model (Mendez:2011:7). They did this through the way in which the company was created under the premise that sales equal the good done. Mycoskie said, â€Å"†¦we know every day that we’re going to give away one pair of shoes for every one we sell, and that’s that. If we can’t make the business work that way, then the business just doesn’t work.† Many small businesses have now started to model their practices after this one-for-one model however they have not been as successful as TOMS especially if these companies are truly non-profit organizations (thewor ld.com). According to a Wall Street Journal â€Å"Toms is going a step further than most in blurring the difference between brand and charity; the brand doesn’t exist outside the charitable work.† Which helps explains why they have been so successful in selling their product because they are blurring those lines between the product brand and the charity aspect which often times is not the case when a major company wants to do charity work. Because of this blurring of the lines between corporate and charity this causes an influence in the United States corporate culture. Even though it may not be global in the sense that it’s an American company influencing the American corporation world it still is a type of cultural imperialism. However according to Mazzarella cultural imperialism is the tool that is used to create chaos in which only the ad companies only have the solution to. Again with the way in which TOMS places their imagery through social media sources there almost becomes an indirect way that they are trying to portray the good they are doing in the forefront while whatever other impacts they may be occurring to the wayside so that it appears there is no influe nce created by TOMS and its industry both throughout the world and the United States local economy. Overall, TOMS shoe company is one that wants to bring good to those in need. However, there are several questions that arise such as if they are doing what they say they are why are their production facilities and practices so hidden? Or why don’t they allow people to see just how much the difference in facilities in the United States and their factories in Argentina, Ethiopia and China? Lastly are they truly only having positive impacts to the local economies in which they donate their shoes or are they also having a negative one as well? The company is very open on the good they are doing and create a very powerful image that directly relates to the fetishism of their shoes with the consumer and their desire themselves to have a positive impact through their consumption of a product rather than guilt. As Mazzarella states the â€Å"global is constructed locally just as much as the local is constructed globally† (2003:17). This can be seen through how with the local imagery that is created in the United States that is seen as a positive image of TOMS is directed to the rest of the world even though while it may appear very true there are still many things about the overall corporation the TOMS company keeps hidden from the consumers eyes. This then is also how their cultural imperialistic impact is played through how the positive image is translated from the local to the global. Overall, TOMS offers a solution to short-term symptoms of poverty but does not address the root cause of poverty (Costello:2012:12). In conclusion it might be better to buy a pair of shoes for half the price and then write a check for a foundation that support the local economies infrastructure that TOMS is impacting so there can be more of a long-term impact rather than a short-term. However, there is a desire to create a positive impact and while there can never be a perfect model to create a business that is always creating a positive impact the TOMS company just might be on to something. Works Cited Bartter, Jacqueline. â€Å"A New Model of Corporate Social Responsibility.† Iprs.uscs.edu. University of California, San Diego, 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. http://irps.ucsd.edu/assets/001/503681.pdf Costello, Amy. â€Å"Buy One and Give One, Inside TOMS Shoes†. Tiny Spark. Chronicle of Philanthropy. March, 15, 2012. F., Daniel. â€Å"Toms: One For the Movement.† University of New Mexico, 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. http://danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu/pdf/TOMS%20Case.pdf Marx, Karl, and David McLellan. Selected Writings. Oxford [Eng.: Oxford UP, 1977. Print. Mazzarella, William. Shoveling Smoke: Advertising and Globalization in Contemporary India. Durham: Duke UP, 2003. Print. â€Å"TOMS SHOES LOGO.† TOMS Shoes & Eyewear Official Store. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. â€Å"International Labour Organization.† International Labour Organization. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. â€Å"TOMS Shoes: Does Buy-One-Give-One Work? | PRI’s The World.† PRIs The World RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Www.TheWorld.com: The World’s Home Page.† Www.TheWorld.com: The World’s Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012.

Enterprise & Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Free Trade Agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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What are the social benefits of using lie detectors Research Paper

What are the social benefits of using lie detectors - Research Paper Example The danger of using lie detector is that innocent people will be mistakenly pronounced as being guilty since the test only measures physiological responses. Such responses may be caused by a number of emotions, for instance, fear and anger of which guilt is only one. The device has an equally unacceptable rate of falsely accusing innocent people. One question that is emerging is that; how reliable are the polygraph tests? Cheating is human. There has never been, nor ever be, an honest society. So long as human beings lack the means to quantify lies or weigh hypocrisies, there is no need of any individual or society, supposing that any other society is more dishonest than another. Various culture of the world can be distinguished on the basis of how it copes with deceit, the types of lies it denounces, the type of institutions it fashions to expose the deceits(Messer and Jones, p 108). The lie detector and its used have been great in the modern society. The instrument has become one of the greatest projects of the twentieth century, aiming at improving the effort to transform the central moral question of our collective life and how to fashion a just society. The instrument also drew its legitimization from two noble half-truths about our political life which states that: democracy depends on transparency in public life and that justice depends on equal treatment for all persons. As a society based on the political principles rather than a common history or shared kinship, the modern society has decided to resolve social conflicts with public rules regardless of any other factors taking place behind the scenes. Social rules are often in conflict and the society is quick to justify them in the name of science. Science, in itself, is considered as the least arbitrary and the most transparent form of rule making. This has led to the treatment of deceit and

Virtualization Across the Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtualization Across the Board - Assignment Example ehensive performance metrics was done on an environment that had 38 physical servers, and x-servers that were providing a variety of services like running an oracle database. On analysis, it was realized that some servers were used constantly while others were idle for some large amounts of time. This research has therefore been able to highlight some hardware was inefficiently used, and thus proved some worthy points on the advantages of using hardware virtualisation as discussed below. On cost management, the study proved that cost savings could be increased by using some of the virtualization products offered by Oracle. In this case, the number of physical servers could be reduced from 38 to 10 (sagelogix, 2011). This reduction in physical servers would therefore ensure that management of the systems would be easier. Cost would be taken into consideration as the reduction of the physical servers would ensure that the data centre would reduce in size by 78%. This would additionally save on costs through reduced electricity bills, space bills and requirements for cooling. Managing of the system would be simplified by the above factors. Cost of licensing all the servers would also be greatly reduced (sagelogix, 2011). It is thus wise that hardware virtualization is a real business asset. The system architecture which then becomes homogenously interconnected would greatly improve the scalability of the system. This would be due to the fact that it would be simpler to load applications through the Oracle Virtual machine, which is highly available, at no additional costs in terms of hardware and software. A uniform architecture and a uniform operating system would easily improve the management of the system (sagelogix, 2011). Software virtualization is double edged. It has brought quite some changes in the way businesses run their trade and improved their services, and at the same time has had an impact on the way vendors licence their wares. According to Greenward

Organisational Culture and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Culture and Leadership - Essay Example It is characterized by a range of factors such as novelty, risk taking, attention to specific issues, result, people and team orientation, hostility and steadiness. One may also find different strata of culture within the same institute. The leading culture is expressed in the centre principles that are shared by a bulk of the organization’s affiliates. Core values are the primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization. However, there may be various subcultures or small cultures in a business unit, characterised by sector-based title and physical parting. The culture is passed on from one generation to other through stories, rites, substance codes and expression of the organisation. Culture describes the frontier between one association and another by assigning a sense of individuality to its members. It augments the steadiness of the social system by making possible the creation of commitment to anything bigger than self-interest. Besides it serves a s a sense-making and control mechanism for fitting employees in the organization. 2. Leadership 2.1. Meaning Leadership is defined as the skill to persuade a group towards the attainment of goals. The trends in leadership studies reveal a plethora of the different aspects of leadership and yet there is no universally accepted definition or model of a leader. The first dominant framework on leadership was the Trait Theory or the â€Å"Great Men† Theory which was proposed in the early twentieth century. The theory considers â€Å"personality, social, physical or intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from non-leaders† (Shoup, 2005, p.2). This theory ascribes conventional qualities like ambition and energy, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence and knowledge to leaders and holds that leaders are born, not made. Mid-twentieth century saw the rise of the Behaviourist school of leadership which emphasized on the actions and dominant behaviour of the lead ers and highlighted the leaders’ behaviour on the job, use of authority and task-relationship orientation. Later, scholars such as Fred Fiedler realised that a leader must match his/her situation and leadership style should vary depending on the situation and context. This gave way to a third phase of leadership studies, known as the Contingency school, which focussed on job constitution, leader-member association and power position. (Shoup, 2005, pp. 2-4) Later James McGregor Burns brought about a marked transition through his classification of the transactional and transformational leader. He defined transactional leader are one who superficially deals with a situation by hovering around the edges of the problem and transformational leader as one who sees a problem as an opportunity to change the world through his visionary ideas and experiments. (Polelle, 2008, p. xii) 2.2. Importance Leaders act as connections between the association and external regions. During difficult times, they serve as troubleshooters by engaging in negotiation and conflict management. Besides, they provide essential advice, coaching and mentoring to their subordinates to improve upon their individual, team and overall organizational performance. 3. Relationship between Organisational Culture and Leadership Leadership and organizational culture are two inter-related and inter-dependent concepts. Culture is socially learned and transmitted by members within organizations.  The leaders of an organization

King George's War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

King George's War - Research Paper Example The beginning of the War was initiated by bold attack on the side of the French against the British-owned fishing port of Canso that was situated in the colony of Nova Scotia. The expedition of French regular forces that was launched against this port on 24 May 1744 found it weakly prepared for any kind of siege and did not encounter any significant obstacles in overcoming the garrison’s resistance. The rapid takeover of Canso served as a warning to the denizens of North American British colonies that they were living in the state of potential insecurity vis-Ã  -vis the impending threat of the French and their Native Indian allies. The French forces operating from the fortress-colony of Louisbourg did not stop at this initial success and continued their onslaught against the territories of Nova Scotia. The provincial capital of Annapolis Royal became the next target for the forces comprising Mi’kmaq and Maliseet under the leadership of Jean-Louis Le Loutre, a French missionary that was extremely influential among these tribes. Fort Anne that guarded the provincial capital from any attack on the land was, however, impenetrable for the makeshift Native American force and, with the killing of two British soldiers, the Mi’kmaq and Maliseet forces withdrew from its walls. The real result of the attack on Fort Anne that took place on 12 July 1744 was the increasing indignation of the citizens of the North American British colonies against the lack of military effort to stop the French attacks. The colonial government of Massachusetts decided to take matters in its own hands, and in the spring of 1745, with the support of Connecticut, New Hampshire and Rhode-Island, about 1,000 colonial militiamen launched an attack against the fortress of Louisbourg that guarded the core of French possessions in North America. As the fortress was under-supplied and the French troops stationed therein lacked necessary combat spirit, the British colonials

No topic need Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

No topic need - Essay Example Cost based pricing is a pricing form determined by the manufacturing and production cost of a commodity. The form of pricing is advantageous since an organization is assured of not gaining a loss of its products. However, the strategy may prefer a high price than the preference of the customer (Nagle & Holden 35). In Ford Company, cost based form of pricing is preferred due to the diverse range of products it produces. The organization sets its minimum and maximum price range depending on the particulars of the product. The pricing strategy has ensured the organization record its required profits on products. In addition, in regards to the experience of the organization in the market, consumers feel comfortable with the prices set of the products (Nagle & Holden 56). At the start of the production in the organization, Ford used penetration pricing. Penetration is where an organization quotes relatively low prices. The prices are then raised when the organization gains market share. The growth of the pricing range will be determined by factors influence the market (Nagle & Holden

Critical Review of Philosophical Paradigms Research Paper

Critical Review of Philosophical Paradigms - Research Paper Example In the 1970s and 1980s, the mixed methods approach triggered a paradigm war (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2009). Many of the researchers involved in the war sought to settle for an established rationale that would fit the combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies in mixed methods research. The main challenge of achieving this was the fact that many of the existing paradigms governing both qualitative and quantitative methodologies seemed incompatible to be applied in a single study (Creswell & Plano, 2011). This paper will present a critical review of research paradigms used in mixed methods. Postpositivism is one of the common philosophical paradigms developed to support quantitative studies. Many postpositivists believe that reality does exist, although it exhibits itself in different sets of probabilities. Postpositivism highlights that researchers should maintain a separate distance from participants in a research. Usually, the researchers are outsiders (Christ, 2013). The reason for maintaining distance between the participant and researcher is to ensure that the study exhibits a high level of objectivity (Creswell & Plano, 2011). Researchers using postpositivism as a preferred paradigm seek to gain accurate and reliable data from the participants while reducing any form of bias. In order to minimize bias of any form, researchers prefer not to let their values or experiences influence the study in any way (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2009). Postpositivism applies a deductive approach, which means that researchers seek to carry out a rigorous test of priory theories. Notab ly, the postpositivism approach may be used in the quantitative approach in a mixed method research. This is especially the case when a mixed methods approach comprises of a quantitative analysis and a qualitative analysis. Postpositivism is applicable in mixed methods research if researchers opt for the multiple paradigm approach. In

Benefits of Employee Collaboration Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Employee Collaboration Essay Within the modern workplace, there is an ongoing debate as to if traditional problem solving or employee collaboration produces the best results. Even though some people see employee collaboration as a waste of time, employee collaboration should be encouraged because not only can it benefit the company, it gives employees the opportunity to grow. When an employer encourages open collaboration with its employees in order to solve a problem, many positive outcomes can occur. In his article Improving Efficiency by Improving Employee Collaboration Brian Middle stated â€Å"Tasks can be completed more effectively since individuals are concentrating on areas that they are well versed in and not in areas they struggle with. † This thought process takes the pressure off of one individual to have all the answers to every problem in front of them. Yes, it is up to the person in charge to ultimately make the final choice as to how to handle a problem, but expecting them to have all the information at any given time is not good business practice. Bringing together a team to solve a problem creates an atmosphere of individual and company growth by giving each employee an opportunity to succeed, and having a more effective way of completing the tasks. At my own place of employment, a lot of the decisions are solely made by one individual on a day to day basis. This individual, while he is a fairly good leader is in no position to make choices concerning my work. As required by the state I live in, in order to perform my duties as a Wastewater Operator, a large amount of schooling and licensing must be obtained. With my job, I must make decisions about what to do when a large amount of rain has fallen in a short time frame. The process, in my opinion should be a combined decision by me, the other operator, and the Town Manager. The operators should be able to give him the vital information about what would happen with each scenario, our professional opinion as to how to best handle it, and then discuss it. This process would take roughly 10 – 15 minutes, and wouldn’t affect the overall plant performance. However, this is not the case. We are told what he wants us to do without our input, and this has at times led to bad outcomes. The mine-is-better habit seems to be the issue within our organization. Working with a lot of older gentlemen, I have noticed that any suggestion given to someone is immediately shot down due to egos. Instead of taking a little bit of time to review all the information from individuals with a more knowledgeable background on the subject, a decision is made from one persons point of view. Luckily, for all major decisions that do not need immediate attention; we have a Town Council who must put it to a vote. As simple as this seems it should be, there are some mine-is-better habits within the council as well. There are many routes I could take in order for my manager to overcome his habit of mine-is-better when making decisions. One of the approaches I can take would be to encourage him to take a moment to listen to what options we have, and how it would best suit him and the town to think things through. Giving him all of the information at hand, even if he hasn’t asked for it plants the seed within his own mind to consider everything before coming to a conclusion. The other option I can think of, is taking it solely out of his hands by involving the Department of Environmental Management. Having them simply explain to him that it is up to the operators themselves to draw the conclusion on what is best based upon the professional standing they have may help him realize that his way is not always the best way of doing things. The town I live in and work for would greatly benefit from open collaboration with its employees. Many of us our highly trained individuals, who take great pride in their field of choice. With so many different departments, no one person can expect to know how everything operates and works within the entire town. Many laws and regulations confront us daily while we perform even the simplest of tasks. Being able to talk to each other, to know how each decision made can affect the other departments and their processes can help us avoid unwanted extra paperwork and fines.

Challenges and opportunities that social media networks offer

Challenges and opportunities that social media networks offer The availability of digital media such as satellite and mobile phones, the digital television and most importantly the internet, as a means for communication makes Internet Marketing (IM) very different from the Conventional Marketing. McDonald and Wilson (1999) elaborately highlighted the key difference between traditional media and new media. With particular emphasises on IM the authors proposed what they call The 6 Is of e-marketing mix. The authors posit that the relevance of the 6 Is are twofold (i) they draw emphasis on the practical aspects of IM such as direct response and personalization and (ii) provide an understanding of strategic issues such as restructuring of the industry and the changes in the integrated channel communications. The 6 Is of e-marketing mix Interactivity In the case of traditional media the marketing message is predominately broadcasted from a company to its target audience, thereby implying the existence of a push factor. This process of communication provides little scope for interaction with the customers. However, on the Internet, contact is initiated by the customer who, in most cases, is seeking information, implying the existence of a pull factor (Deighton, 1996). Figure 1.13 pg28 Intelligence The internet renders itself as a cost effective means of conducting market research. The internet is an especially useful tool in gathering information about customer perceptions about the product/ service. Individualism (Fig 1.14) pg 30 As illustrated in the diagram above, new media forms allow marketing communications to be tailored to the individual that the message is meant for, unlike in the case of traditional media wherein communication is mass media and the same message is disseminated to its audiences. (Lasswell 1984, Katz and Lazarsfeld 1955) Further, the inherent feature of personalisation that new media forms offer to marketers is an important building block in managing relationships with customers. Integration (diagram: A New Marketing Paradigm for Electronic Commerce) The conventional marketing communication model witnesses a fundamental alteration in the presence of a hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environment (CME) like the internet (Hoffman and Novak 1996). The internet enables an increased scope for an integrated marketing communication. The CME communication model provides a platform for consumers to interact with each other, the medium and the company itself. The most drastic departure from the traditional media is the opportunity for the consumers to generate content onto the medium. Hence, in the CME model the primary relationship is with the receiver and the CME, and not between the sender and the receiver, which is the case in traditional media.( Hoffman, 1996) The active role of the consumers makes it imperative for marketers to integrate their communication messages. Industry restructuring. Concepts such as disintermediation and reintermediation (Chaffey et al, 2003) are important considerations for companies that operate in a CME. Disintermediation refers to the process of eliminating conventional intermediaries such as agents and brokers, who previously linked the company to its customers. Reintermediation is the process of creating new age intermediaries between the company and its customer, given the presence of the internet. These new age intermediaries are often referred to as cybermediaries (Shankar et al, 1996) and include virtual communities like forums, fan clubs and user groups, search engines like Google and Bing , virtual resellers like Amazon and eBay. Independence of location The internet provides the possibility of an increased reach of a companys marketing communications to the global audience. This can often translate into reaching international markets and audiences. Social media networks: AN INTRODUCTION Social media networks, though a relatively new terrain for most companies and brand managers had its humble beginnings when Open Diary was founded in 1950s with the intent to create a community of diary writers. A few years later, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis introduced Usenet, letting its users post articles to its groups. (Kaplan et al, 2010). Dating sites that enabled its users to create profiles and even update pictures and online forums, which were the more user friendly and sophisticated versions of BBSs (Bulletin Board Systems), are all building blocks of the social media networks as we know it today. With the passage of time and the technological developments that . SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKS: OPPOTUNTIES AND CHALLENGES Social networking sites: Social networking sites like face book, my space, twitter and orkut are platforms for Internet users to create individual profiles with personal information, make new friends and connect with old ones and even for business networking, in some cases. Users can use certain applications which help them connect to each other through instant messaging and sending emails between each other, creating personalised profiles for themselves which can be accessed by colleagues and friends etc. Such applications are known as Social networking sites. Personal profiles are highly specialised as they are suited to the users needs. He/she can upload audio files, videos, blogs as well photos into the profile which can be shared to other friends. Facebook is considered to be the largest social networking site and it is interesting to note that it was originally founded by US based Mark Zuckerberg who wanted to stay in touch with his friends in Harvard Unviersity. Myspace is also another example of a social networking site which has over 250 million users worldwide. SNS are being used for market research with regard to netnography as well as creating brand communities by different companies. SNS have also been used especially well for promoting movies for example when film makers create a fan page of their movie which allows user to access information such as trailers, photos and download games for free. Similarly companies sponsoring football clubs have used SNS such as Myspace to allow fans to feel closer to the teams they support. Apart from marketing their products through SNS other companies go to the extent of using SNS as a distribution channel for their products for example 1-800- flowers a US based florist has allowed facebook users to send virtual flowers to whomsoever they desire or send the real ones by directing users to their company website.

Children of parents who misuse alcohol

Children of parents who misuse alcohol Children Of Parents Who Misuse Alcohol Or Substances Introduction It is estimated that there are between 200,000 and 300,000 children in England and Wales where one or both parents have serious drug problems. Research and local knowledge have shown that substance and alcohol misuse in parents or pregnant women can have a significant impact on parenting and increase risk, especially for babies and younger children (Hidden harm 2003). This does not mean that parents who experience substance / alcohol misuse are poor parents. However the impact of substance misuse problems can, on some occasions lead to children and families needing additional support; or in a small number of cases support and multi agency disciplinary action to prevent significant harm. The most effective assessment and support comes through good information sharing, joint assessment of need, joint planning, professional trust within the interagency network and joint action in partnership with families. These guidelines apply whenever there are professional concerns about the wellbeing or safety of children whose parents or carers have substance/ alcohol misuse problems, specifically where these difficulties are impacting, or are likely to impact, on their ability to meet the needs of their children. These guidelines also apply to professionals working with pregnant women who have substance/ alcohol misuse problems, where their partners are known to have substance/alcohol problems or where someone with substance misuse problems is living in a household where children are present. Aims 2.1. To increase the professional’s understanding of the impact of an adult’s substance misuse problems on children’s lives. 2.2. To enable universal and specialist services to improve their identification of children in need where adult substance/alcohol misuse is a problem 2.3. To enhance the provision of co-ordinated services to families in which there are dependant children of parents, carers or pregnant women with substance/ alcohol misuse problems. Principles 3.1. All those who come into contact with children, their parents and families in their everyday work have a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. 3.2. Parents, carers and pregnant women with substance/ alcohol misuse problems have the right to be supported in fulfilling their parental roles and responsibilities. 3.3. A multi agency approach to assessment and service provision is in the best interest of children and their parents/ carers. 3.4. Risk is reduced when information is shared effectively across agencies. 3.5. Risk to children is reduced through effective multi agency and multi disciplinary working. 3.6. While many parents, carers and pregnant women with substance/ alcohol abuse problems safeguard their children’s well being, children’s life chances may be limited or threatened as a result of these factors, and professionals need to consider this possibility. Identifying The Need Of Children, Their Parents Or Carers, Or Pregnant Women With Substance/ Alcohol Misuse Problems 4.1. The birth of any new child changes relationships and often brings new pressures to parents. Agencies need to be sensitive and responsive to the changing needs of parents with substance/ alcohol misuse problems. 4.2. Parents, carers or pregnant women with substance / alcohol misuse problems may have difficulties which impact on their ability to meet the needs of their children, unborn child or new baby. 4.3. The adverse effects of alcohol/substance misuse on children are typically multiple and cumulative and will vary according to the child’s stage of development. They may include fetal alcohol syndrome, failure to thrive, blood-borne virus infections; incomplete immunisation and otherwise inadequate health care; a wide range of emotional, cognitive, behavioural and other psychological problems; early substance misuse and offending behaviour; and poor education attainment. These can range greatly in severity or may often be subtle and difficult to detect. 4.4. There is growing evidence to suggest that children often take on a caring role in families where there is parental drug or alcohol use. In some cases, it is particularly hard for children to cope with one or more parents with drug or alcohol dependency and they need help and support. 4.5. The risk of harm to the child may be reduced by effective treatment and support for the affected parent(s) and by other factors such as the presence of at least one other consistent, caring adult; a stable home with adequate financial resources; maintenance of family routines and activities; and regular attendance at a supportive school. Guidelines For Referral And Assessment For Pregnant Women With Substance/ Alcohol Misuse Problems 5.1 All agencies are responsible for identifying pregnant women with substance/ alcohol misuse problems who may be in need of additional services and support. 5.2. When a professional identifies a pregnant women experiencing substance/ alcohol misuse problems an assessment must be undertaken to determine what services she requires. This must include gathering relevant information from her GP, PDAC, the Midwifery service, in addition to any other agencies involved, to ensure that the full background is obtained about any existing or previous diagnosis, or treatment for mental illness. 5.3. Consideration must be given to the impact and harm continued substance misuse has on an unborn child. Where this assessment identifies that a pregnant woman has substance / alcohol misuse problems a referral must be made to Powys Children’s services for a pre-birth assessment. 5.4. Where the need for a referral is unclear, this must be discussed with a line manager or the Safeguarding Children’s Team. If a referral is not made this must be clearly documented. Staff should ensure that all decisions and the agreed course of action are signed and dated. Section 10 gives guidelines in relation to assessment of risk. 5.5. A pre-birth assessment should be undertaken on all pre birth referrals and a multi agency meeting held to share information. If a pre-birth multi agency meeting is not needed this must be endorsed by a manager and the reason for the decision clearly recorded on the agency’s records. Guidance For Referral To Pdac 6.1. In the case of pregnant women where there is evidence of problematic use of illicit, proprietary or prescribed drugs or alcohol, agencies becoming aware of the evidence should initially discuss the benefits of a referral to PDAC with the individual. If there is agreement referral should then be made to the appropriate area office of PDAC. This referral may be made initially by phone, but should be followed up immediately with a written referral. In the event that the woman is already a client of PDAC it would be appropriate to confirm that the pregnancy is known to them. In the event of a woman refusing to agree to a referral being made it is the responsibility of the agency to consider whether a referral can be made without consent on Child Protection grounds. This would need to be subject of discussions between all the appropriate agencies – Children’s Services, Police, Health etc. PDAC will always be willing to discuss the appropriateness of referral prior to formal contact being made. Guidance For Referral To Powys Children’s Services A referral for an initial assessment to Children’s services must always be made if a parent carer or pregnant woman is considered to have significant substance/ alcohol problems. A referral should be discussed with a line manager. NB If a child is in immediate danger then a referral to the police/social services should be made. Partnership Working Assessment and identification of parents, carers and children’s needs for services is not a static process. The assessment should also inform future work and build in an evaluation of the progress and effectiveness of any intervention. Where more than one agency continues to be involved in a joint assessment or provision of services for parents or carers with substance misuse problems, and their children, regular review dates must be set to jointly review the situation and to ensure that interagency work continues to be co-ordinated. Each agency should document their own actions and responsibilities clearly and also the roles and responsibilities of other agencies. References All Wales Child Protection Procedures Children Act 1989 Children Act 2004 DOH (2000). Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. Hidden Harm (ACMD) 2003 Appendix A Guidelines For Professionals For Assessing Risk When Working With Drug Using Parents The following assessment guidelines were developed by the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse (SCODA) [May 1997] to assist professionals in identifying children who may be in need or at risk as a result of parental substance/ alcohol misuse. They should be used as guidelines in the holistic assessment of the family. Parental Drug Use 1. Is there a drug free parent, supportive partner or relative? 2. Is the drug use by the parent Experimental? Recreational? Chaotic? Dependent? 3. Does the user move between categories at different times? Does the drug use also involve alcohol? 4. Are levels of childcare different when a parent is using drugs and when not using? 5. Is there any evidence of coexistence of mental health problems alongside the drug use? If there is, do the drugs cause these problems, or have these problems led to the drug use? Accommodation And The Home Environment 6. Is the accommodation adequate for children? 7. Are the parents ensuring that the rent and bills are paid? 8. Does the family remain in one area or move frequently, if the latter, why? 9. Are other drug users sharing the accommodation? If they are, are relationships with them harmonious, or is there conflict? 10. Is the family living in a drug using community? 11. If parents are using drugs, do children witness the taking of the drugs, or other substances? 12. Could other aspects of the drug use constitute a risk to children (e.g. conflict with or between dealers, exposure to criminal activities related to drug use)? 13. Is there adequate food, clothing and warmth for the children? 14. Are the children attending school regularly? 15. Are children engaged in age-appropriate activities? 16. Are the child’s emotional needs being adequately met? 17. Are there any indications that any of the children are taking on a parenting role within the family (e.g. caring for other children, excessive household responsibilities etc)? Procurement Of Drugs 18. Are the children left alone while their parents are procuring drugs? 19. Because of their parent’s drug use are the children being taken to places where they could be â€Å"at risk†? 20. How much are the drugs costing? 21. How is the money obtained? 22. Is this causing financial problems? 23. Are the premises being used to sell drugs? 24. Are parents allowing their premises to be used by other drug users? Provision Of Basic Needs Health Risks 25. If drugs and/or injecting equipment are kept on the premises, are they kept securely? 26. Are the children aware of where the drugs are kept? 27. If parents are intravenous drug users: Do they share injecting equipment? Do they use a needle exchange scheme? How do they dispose of syringes? Are parents aware of the health risks of injecting or using drugs? 28. If parents are on a substitute prescribing programme, such as methadone: Are parents aware of the dangers of children accessing this medication? Do they take adequate precautions to ensure this does not happen? 29. Are parents aware of, and in touch with, local specialist agencies who can advise on such issues such as needle exchanges, substitute prescribing programmes, detox and rehabilitation facilities? If they are in touch with agencies, how regular is the contact? Family Social Network And Support Systems 30. Do parents and children associate primarily with:   Other drug users?   Non-users?   Both? 31. Are relatives aware of the drug use? Are they supportive? 32. Will parents accept help from the relatives and other agencies? Parents’ Perception Of The Situation 33. The degree of social isolation should be considered particularly for those parents living in remote areas where resources may not be available and they may experience social stigmatisation. Do the parents see their drug use as harmful to themselves or to their children? Do the parents place their own needs before the needs of their children? Are the parents aware of the legislative and procedural context applying to their circumstances, (e.g. child protection procedures, statutory powers?

Global Education and Local Communities :: Teaching Learning Schooling Papers

Global Education and Local Communities Let me begin with a summary of what I am going to say. Cyberspace is a new kind of reality, in some crucial respects less real, but in some respects more real, than the space of face-to-face encounters and of physical documents. Signs in cyberspace might be quite unconnected to any real-life states of affairs, they might be quite abstract, but often they are much less abstract than, say, signs in a printed book. As I will endeavour to show, communication in the world of printed books is, characteristically, the communication of abstract meanings among members of an abstract society, such as a modern nation. The communication of knowledge in an interactive audiovisual medium is less dependent on an extended process of education in some national - i.e. literary - language than was the communication of abstract, typographical knowledge in earlier ages. Successful navigation in cyberspace does however presuppose some specific training leading to appropriate combinations of technical skil ls and literary skills, the latter normally encompassing both a rudimentary English and one's mother tongue. Working out how in fact such a combination of skills can be taught and acquired, and exploring the ways in which local communities can form a suitable learning environment, are the goals of an ongoing research program in Hungary; I conclude by sketching some essentials of this program. The Ontology of Cyberspace In some crucial respects cyberspace is, obviously, less real than the space of face-to-face connections. One should recall here GÃ ©rard Raulet's profound study "The New Utopia", written in the 1980s, pointing to the spurious idea of "supplanting places by spaces", and to the gap separating symbolic "interactivity" from actual social interaction.[1] And one should recall the essentially consistent findings of an impressive array of empirical investigations showing that telecommunications, however dense and multidimensional the networks, do not have the effectiveness, let alone the emotional impact, of face-to-face encounters. Until the late seventies, such investigations focused, understandably, on the effects of the telephone. What they found was that although telephone contacts did of course make a difference when no other contacts were available, [2] the former, as contrasted with face-to-face contacts, had no great propensity to create new linkages. Telephone contacts are effect ive if they can rely on background information from earlier personal meetings, and if they are regularly reinforced by such.[3] The same pattern still holds when e-mail and teleconferencing enter.

Orangutans :: essays research papers

Orangutans In Malay orang means "person" and utan is defined as "forest'. Thus Orangutan literally means "Person of the Forest". Orangutans are found in the tropical forests of Sumatra and Borneo. They are the most arboreal of the great apes and move amongst the safety of the trees from one feeding site to the next. They are so well adapted to arboreal life that they cannot place their feet on the ground, instead they walk on the outside of their curved foot. There is a scattered population of orangutan in Indonesian Borneo, Malaysia Borneo and northern Sumatra. The different habitats have isolated the orangutan reproductively and geographically from one another creating a "degree of difference" or two subspecies. There are several different characteristics between the two subspecies of orangutans and it has recently been suggested that they may be a separate species. The Borneo male has relatively large cheek pads, a tremendous laryngeal sac and a square shaped face. The Sumatran male has small pads and laryngeal sac, a ginger coloured moustache, a pronounced beard, and a diamond shaped face. Individuals can also be distinguished chromosomally, biochemically, and by their cranial characteristics. There is a great deal of individual variety in the orangutan. "Each orang-utan had a distinct personality and in dealing with such highly intelligent animals in captivity, the keeper's knowledge of the individual was probably more important than the knowledge of the overall behaviour patterns " (Markham, 1980). Orangutan males, however, appear to be totally intolerant of one another, especially the Borneo males who are even aggressive towards females and infants. Male orangutans' participation in social groups is limited to sexual "consortship" with females. However, the Sumatran males tend to stay with females for a longer period of time usually until the birth of the infant. They may stay longer with their partner because of the presence of large predators absent in the Borneo habitat. The orangutan has a menstrual cycle of 29-30 days, menstruation lasting 3-4 days. The Gestation period lasts slightly less than nine months. Offspring pass through three stages, infancy (0-4), juvenile (4-7), and adolescents (7-10). Mother young relationship lasts for a long time, the young usually stay with their mother until they are mature. Female Orangutans are not sexually mature or fully grown until the age of twelve and will not have their first offspring until they are at least fourteen. Males become sexually mature and fully grown at the age of fifteen. The cheek flanges of the male easily recognize the differences between adults and semi-adults. The flanges in the Boreal male curve out ward from the face and develop around the

Dog Day Afternoon :: movie film

In the movie, Dog Day Afternoon, there were many things that the police and the FBI did wrong. It seemed as if there was no manual to guide the police officers and the FBI through the hostage situation. Sonny and Sal never really thought about what they would do if they were to get caught. One of the first mistakes that officer Moretti made was when he called the bank to let Sonny know he was in there. I think that there never would have been a hostage situation if officer Moretti would have let Sonny and Sal think they were going to get away and grab them when they came out the bank. I never knew if someone in the bank hit an alarm or if the insurance man let the police know the bank was getting robbed. From the beginning, it seemed as if there was no clear picture of who was in charge. The police should have closed off the block farther away from the bank than they did. There was not any crowd control. When Moretti tried to talk to Sonny on the bullhorn, he really could not talk because the crowd was making a lot of noise. If Sonny and Sal had come out of the bank shooting, many people would have been hurt. I thought that when someone was robbing a bank, the FBI was the ones who were supposed to be in charge. Moretti never let the FBI agent lead the hostage negotiations until late in the movie. When the FBI arrived, they should have taken over the hostage situation as soon as possible. Another thing that I noticed about the movie was that the police officers were running around everywhere. Without any command, they were trying to get through the back door and it caused Sonny to fire a shot. Whenever Sonny walked out of the bank they were pointing their guns at him while Moretti was telling them to get back and put the guns down. There were never any hostage negotiators at the scene. Moretti did all of the negotiations. The FBI agent did not really negotiate anything. The FBI agent and Moretti did the number one thing that should not be done during a hostage negotiation; they both met with sonny face to face on numerous occasions to try to negotiate with him. You are never supposed to meet with someone when you are negotiating face to face.

School

This is the entrance season. Don't miss the important exams†¦ Whether your interest is in Engineering, medicine, Law or Hotel management, the period between march and may, at times even June is meant for writing a series of entrance exams. Careerists helps you prioritize†¦ Asking endless rounds of post ices and banks is so tiring, cribs Dry Manhandling, a harried father of a 17-year-old. His daughter is appearing for 10+2 and aspires to be an engineer.He has so far ailed in 11 application forms for efferent state and national-level entrances and a few are to follow. What is making matters worse is the indifference of most of the test-conducting agencies, especially the state-led ones like CBS or NITS. None of them respond, and their phone lines are perpetually busy, laments Manhandling. To help thousands of parents like him, we have put together detailed information on over 50 entrances across the four major disciplines: Medicine, Engineering, Law and Hotel Management.For e ach of the entrances, we have provided detailed information on the process of form ailing, syllabus, test pattern, counseling process and seats availability. Continuing our tradition, we will also publish advisories on how to crack them. During the course of next three months, in case you have any queries with respect to any of these examinations you are most welcome to call up our helpline number: 011- 40 360 360. Entrance examinations in the country vary in their objective and scale widely. The biggest of course is the JEEZ (Main) which sees over 1. 5 million aspirants.Other private and deemed universities that conduct their own examinations for different programmers get between 5000-30,000 aspirants. It would make sense to appear for good private university entrances because, quite a few of them offer good scholarships for toppers in their respective examinations. Do not miss out on applying to your preferred institutions. Good Luck! ENTRANCE EXAMS MEDICINE iris step that one tak es to become a doctor or rather a professional adept in the ‘led of medicine is to opt for subjects in Life Sciences, particularly Biology while in high school.The next step is to prepare for medical entrance examinations, during or after the year of passing class 12, that are held mostly in the month of April, May and June every year. Clearing the exam successfully helps you secure admission in a medical school to undertake an undergraduate medical degree, primarily MOBS or BEDS (Dental). There are slight variations in eligibility norms for various entrances. Usually candidates must be of 17 years of age and must have passed 10+2 from a recognized board with 50/45 percent in the aggregate (40 percent for SC/ SST).The candidates appearing for their board exam in 2014 are also eligible to apply. The candidates must have studied Physics, Chemistry, Math or Biology. Cracking the exam A career in medicine, especially in India with roughly 50,000-odd seats at the undergraduate leve l is based on your ability to qualify national or state-level tests. You need to test your ability in Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology. In these exams, apart from being accurate, you also need to be alert and very quick.In most of the exams for which we are listing out key information (nature, application procedure, fees, important dates, intake, selection), the answers have to be given in less than a minute per question. The assessment in a way relates to the profession that demands an enquiring mind, the capacity to acquire high levels of knowledge which has to be constantly up-dated, and he ability to relate to people as individuals, each with their own health needs. DRY CUSHMAN BATHWATER Addle.Proof & Head, palliative care, Alms Alms has a tradition of research excellence & in addition to being world class, provide care and cure. Some of top researchers in the country populate the campus BOCCE Briar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination (BOCCE) is a state-level exam co nducted by the Briar Combined Competitive Exam Board for admissions to MOBS, BEDS, Barbara courses in various colleges across the state. Exam type: State-level Selection process: The candidates will be called for counseling on the basis f the result.Application Form/procedure The candidates can acquire the application form from select colleges across Briar or select Canard Bank branches, details of which can be CAREERS FEBRUARY 2014 found on the social website The candidates can also acquire the form through post by sending the AD to the BOCCE Board. I The facility for online submission of applications might be available for BOCCE on the social website (http://baseboard. Com/Home. PH).Counseling procedure The counseling for BOCCE candidates will be held as per the roll numbers given in the schedule, merit-wise. I Candidates will have to attend the unsealing and go through document verification process at: The BOCCE Board, I. A. S. Association Building, Near Patina Airport,Patina-800 014 TRAINING IN specialties help surgeons to keep themselves updated Students have to carry originals of all qualifying exams along with one set of attested copies of the same.Exam pattern: The paper comprises two stages: First stage There are four sections: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology. I Candidates have to attempt Physics and Chemistry compulsorily I Candidates opting for MOBS/BEDS should attempt Biology. I The total marks for PC candidates ill be 150 with each subject carrying 50 marks. Second Stage I There are four sections: Physics, Each paper will be for the duration of one-and-a-half hours. And Chemistry compulsorily.I Total marks for each subject will be I There will be a total of 100 questions in each subject I Four marks will be awarded for each correct answer and one mark deducted for every wrong answer Syllabus: The syllabus will be available on the social website of BOCCE and will basically be the same as that of the HAS-level examination. 31 Selection Pr ocess: The process begins after both the phases of the examination have been conducted. Then the BOCCE Board declares shortlist students based on the results. It then invites students for counseling and college/course preference.Important dates Commencement of sale of Application Form: January 17, 2014 I Last date of sale of Application Form: February 17, 2014 I Last date of receipt of application form: February 25, 2014 I Date of Examination (First Phase): 13 April, 2014 I Date of Examination (Second Phase): 18 May, 2014 Entrance Exams SEAM Kraal Engineering Agriculture Medical Entrance Examinations (SEAM) is conducted by Choice of the Commissioner for Entrance Examinations, Kraal for admissions to undergraduate professional courses. Selection process: Candidates will be called for counseling based on results of the entrance.Application form/procedure Candidates need to apply online in prescribed SEAM 2014 application form available on the social website (http:// www. CE-kraal. Org /). They need to remit an examination fee of RSI. 800. Counseling procedure: The counseling will be as per the schedule drawn on the merit list rankings. It involves document verification, allotment of seats, payment of admission fees and other formalities. Students must be physically present during counseling and original comments have to be submitted. Exam pattern It is a paper-pencil exam of 2 hours and 30 minutes duration having 120 Multiple Choice Questions (Macs) of 480 marks.Each correct response to the question will be awarded four marks and one mark will be deducted for each incorrect response under negative marking scheme. I Online Application Form: January 10, 2014 – February 5, 2014 I Admit Card: March 24, 2014 I Exam: April 23 and April 24, 2014 (lo:o a. M – 12:30 p. M. ) I Result Declaration: May 20, 2014 WEBBED Medical Conducted by West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination Board, the West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination WEBBED) allows admissions to underg raduate medical and dental courses. Selection Process: The candidates will be called for counseling on the basis of the result.I The interested candidates need to ill in WEBBED Online Application Form through the social website (http:// www. Webb. In/). I The WEBBED application form fees of RSI. 500 can be deposited either online or Allahabad E-Bank Callahan or selected Post Choice. The WEBBED merit rank will be announced soon after the declaration of the results. The counseling for WEBBED will be conducted in three phases. The phases of counseling depend on the umber of meritorious students and the availability of the seats. A fourth round may be conducted if seats are available after the deemed three rounds of WEBBED counseling are concluded.The exam comprises multiple-choice questions with 80% of the total marks and short answer type questions with 20% of the total marks. The total marks allotted for WEBBED 2014 Exam is 200. There shall be a system of negative marking of 33. 33% for every wrong response. Online WEBBED 2014 Application form available from: December 18 to January 25, 2014 I Last date for receipt of confirmation page: February 4, 2014 I -rest date: April 20, 2014. All India Pre Medical/Pre Dental Examination Exam type: National-level I All India pre Medical -rest (MITT) is conducted by CBS for admission to MOBS and BEDS courses.The exam allows ailing 15 percent seats in government colleges. 32 be called for counseling on the basis of Log on to MITT website (http:// mitt. Nice. In/mitt/Welcome. Asps), ill the application form and note down the registration number generated by the system. I Payment of RSI. 1000 can be made through Credit Card/Debit Card or through E-Callahan. I Confirmation page will be generated after payment of fees. Take print -outs f the confirmation page at Part IV of application format and the address slip.Paste photograph on the confirmation and send it to the following address along with E-Callahan Copy (in case payment is made through E-Callahan) by registered/speed post: The Deputy Secretary, MITT unit, Central Board of Secondary Education, Sheikhs Kenned, 2, Community Center, prà ªt Viral, Delhi- 110 301 All original documents are required during counseling – Counseling call letter; Rank Card/Hall Ticket score card; Mark sheets/consolidated mark statement of the qualifying examination; Original degree/provisional certificate; High school (Class X) certificate as proof of date of birth: Community certificate (issued by the competent authority); Demand draft for amount towards part of tuition fee or full tuition fee, whichever is less.

Morality is timeless Essay

harpist Lees To Kill a mocker highlights examples of valiancy and fearlessnessousness in a venial Alabama town plagued with racial discrimination and poverty. The refreshing focuses on the experiences of the Finch family which consists of genus Atticus, Jem, and pathfinder. Sc come out of the closet serves as the bank clerk of the book her story is based on her recollections of the steadyingts leading up to, during, and after her returns defense of tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping Mayell Ewell, a white woman. To Kill a Mockingbird is non scarcely a look back of racism, but teaches valuable life lessons most moral courage and standing up for what is right.The protagonist, Atticus, displays both moral and natural courage throughout the myth. He is committed to bestow in his children the importance of living an good lifestyle regardless of the circumstances. For example, he explains to talent scout that he accepted the Tom Robinson causa because it is a moral obligation for meet representation. Specifically, he clarifies to finder that the primary earth is if I didnt I couldnt hold up my head in town, I couldnt represent this county in the legislature, I couldnt even mark you or Jem non to do something again (Lee 83).Atticus believes that it is only when fair to value cardinal in terms of that individual(a)s moral caliber not by the color of their skin. Furthermore, he does not condone retaliation. Even though Mrs. Dubose, a morphine addict, is prejudice and unkind, Atticus reprimands Jem for behaving heartlessly towards her. Atticus never loses his composure even when Bob Ewell maliciously spits in his face. He rationally explains, He had to take it out on somebody and Id rather it be me than that tolerateful of children out there. You watch? (Lee 218).Harper Lees lesson is that a persons morals should not be affected by another(prenominal)(prenominal)s behaviors or beliefs. Honor in a higher place tout ensemble 1 Steiner 2 Harper Lee creates the narrator, Scout, to demonstrate that morality is not necessarily instinctive but stub be taught. As the novel progresses, Scout realizes that moral courage is more difficult to carry out than physical courage. No one in the community wants to get in touch with raspberry Radley however, Scout comes to recognize his pardon and returns it with civility. Although initially fearful, Scout welcomes hissings gifts and embraces his differences.Again, Scout demonstrates that morality basin be learned when a potentially cerise situation arises at playground with another classmate she refrains from using force. Her calmer nature proves useful at the courthouse. She harmlessly inquires about Mr. Cunninghams family, Hey Mr. Cunningham. I know your son, Walter he is a nice kid. We go to school unitedly (Lee 81). Her kindness results in the scattering of the angry townspeople. Scout witnesses that kindness is effective bill to avert violence. The mino r characters of Calpurnia, Tom Robinson, and Boo Radley be symbols of decency and respect regardless of their backgrounds.Calpurnia chastises Scout for mocking Walters unsophisticated consume habits. Hush your mouth Dont matter who they are, anybody sets foot in this houses yo compny, and dont you permit me catch you remarkin on their ways worry you was so high and mighty (Lee 33). Calpurnia is a maternal figure for the Finch children as she too, in addition to Atticus, helps them to differentiate right from wrong. Tom Robinson exhibits courage when he volunteers to help Mayella Ewell with household chores even though he is aware of his middle-level cordial standing.His decision to speak only the truth in court by stating, I felt right distressing for her she seemed to try moren the bear of em. ,(Lee 197) further demonstrates his caring demeanor and shipment to behave courteously. Lee includes the character of Boo to Honor Above All 2 Steiner 3 depict another cause of pr ejudice social discrimination. Despite his social alienation, Boo courageously abandons the safety of his kinfolk to help his kids. Boo is guided by his sense of what is right and puts aside orderings rejection. Calpurnia, Tom Robinson, and Boo are guided by morality.Courage can be defined as the power to face fear, pain, uncertainty, and the unknown. Harper Lee in effect uses her characters to demonstrate moral and immoral choices and consequences. Atticus and Scout respond to the towns racism with a resolute sense of purpose. Through her fathers and Calpurnias guidance she becomes more refined and tolerant. She averts physical confrontations at school and understands that morality should not change with each situation. The character of Tom Robinson symbolizes what it truly means to be a caring human being. Regardless of the racism that he endures, he is honest and compassionate. spot racism plays a significant fibre in Lees novel the importance of moral courage cannot be unde rstated. As Atticus profoundly advises, Youll never know really understand a person until you consider things from his point of bring in (Lee 65). Harper Lee conveys that since justice is contrivance to race, gender, and differences a moral code is the only hope for equality. Unfortunately, as exhibited in the novel, adhering to ones moral code does not always guarantee the desired or just outcome. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. capital of the United Kingdom Vintage Classics, 2007. Print. Honor Above All 3.

Retail food protection

Necessity items like milk and white bread are observed at the back of the shop to how improve the beginning of circulation.The main purpose of the national food public safety program proposed by FDA is to reduce the cases of percent foodborne diseases. These are the diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria how that occur in the food when it is stored improperly or when the expiry date is past. Though rarely dangerous, food poisoning weakens how our body and can provoke other conditions as dysbacteriosis.FDA protects us from the pathogens that may be manuscript found in food but it does logical not ban GMO or any synthetic substances in food.There is A home kitchennt an approved facility.Your data will stay so that every calendar year, you wont great need to re-enter it stored, and you may significant change it as frequently as you would like.

Additional financial resources are found on supermarkets and the grocery large stores and retail places web pages.With the rise of the good food processing industry and the beginning of industrialization, a wider vast array of food can be sold and distributed in distant places.From christ our standpoint, it is tough to label second one solution since the POS software solution for every retailer.For clarification, each individual store ought to have a poetic license using a ID that is unique.

Traditionally, general many shops have provided credit to their clients, a scientific method of payment is successful on trust in place of charge cards.Update apply Your Contact Information As a part of IFSA, its physical vital for your company to get available data and all of the institutions communications.Huge companies and other businesses in emerging markets are more inclined to create corporate social responsibility a concern.If youre interested in advancing and building your long career we welcome you to finish an wireless internet program now.

It is given a specific first time to correct the violation.A plant known as the Potato poor Tom is offered in New Zealand.In the long run, prices are anticipated to stabilize.Diabetes rates in america have quadrupled over the previous 3 decades.

Analysis of banks’ performance

in general considered as the biggest fiscal crisis since the smashing Depression, the worldwide pecuniary Crisis (SGF) was fol started by the European autonomous debt crisis, which to a great extent continue n previous(predicate) European nations in proto(prenominal) 2010. This tarradiddle leave behind analyses the furbish up of the crisis on the death penalty and peril moving picture of cardinal study intrusts grievous strand (ABA) and Deutsche believe (DB).. of import situate, the warrant givingst Greece situate, locates in virtuoso of the cardinal Euro-z angiotensin converting enzyme nations which suffered the roughly pas snip the international crisis.At the homogeneous prison bourn, Deutsche Bank (DB) is a German pository fiscal institution which ope grade in whatever(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) coronation and technical computer storages boxing sectors. In smashicular, this brood leave behind break depressed the su mmation and indebtedness social body social mental synthesis, the movement as tumefy as the mart place place and onward- isotropy piece of paper pret peculiarity. as easily, the categorybook exercise of 2008 to 2010 leave be analyses in nar prize to full sub recompense subject the intrusion of the pecuniary crisis on these selected commits. 1. 1 addition, obligation twist and run a lay on the line Exposures 1. 1. analytic thinking of Lloyd Banking sort step to the fore ( cast out) elude 1 cracking nip and tuck Activities ( obligation complex body part) normal 1 radiation shape 2 The stick ope tells in twain nifty qualification(prenominal) and coronation sections which t adapted of bailiwicks in detail, in large quantities, indemnity and enthronement as its pregnant military control activities. place is the master(prenominal) witness of lineing, assumption that the coincidenceate ship under constructional body to a bro ad(prenominal)er(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) place 50%during these 6 days. loosely speaking, Deposits atomic number 18 to a great extent secure equalize to smartfangled(prenominal) out carrying heave activities.Noticing that sluice during 2008 to 2010, the Deposits were softly let on by SGF, which gist sell wedges be slight mercurial and particular mass spiritualist to shocks. In addition, the assert was voted by Readers nominate the close to trusted trust of Britain in the 2008. round as a number of commercial-gradeisedized imprecate, a large and versified client ancestor unbroken the desire invulner adapted during the SGF and European debt crisis. sweeping is the routine study part of their business. attend 2 has shown that, Debt securities retrieve round 20% during 2007 to 2012, which implies that, relapse bids non adequacy p arntages from states.However, in large quantities is slender to variety shows i n the securities industry. As the wholesale depositors argon able to enchant the storage if sepa crops brink decl ar oneselfs repair ein truthow for to them. imprison gestate aim to tackle in high spirits(prenominal)(prenominal) delineate fortune. resort introduced raw(a) charge worry of redemptive products from 2011 in smart set to decrease withdraw luck. The welf atomic number 18 for this new purpose is channelise magnitude deposit differences and trim sticker the resemblance of wholesale. Further to a great extent than than, because of LB is a modify buzzword in British, indemnity polity serving part is the ternary principally exertion for the camber to hassle storage.However, indemnity whitethorn mental pictures liquid state de limitine on the line, if policyholder who is quest to airplane propeller in their fiscal manages forthwith or some run-of-the-mill gambleing occurs, the vernacular has to repulse br oad stock to reconcile for them. match to Lags annual give out, the liabilities of restitution body somewhat 13% from 2007 to 2012, which took up high counterpoise of list liabilities. However, since the submerge travel byed in tardily 2007 and whence the coin confide had to throw the claims, the coin deposit building had a highest constituent of indemnity obligation discriminate to differentwise 5 geezerhood.Besides, e trulywhere delinquent to SGF and European debt crisis during 2009 to 2012, high unemployment scores sign the Auks saving, the property of indebtedness of damages policy as sanitary moved(p). Finally, basing on the visualize 2 we bed come on that, differential gear pecuniary damages supercharge has upset connaturality in this construction, out-of-pocket to fall secondment is able to deck up abounding computer memory from deposit, wholesale and redress sections. plank 2 Portfolio plus apportionment (addition Structure) construe 3 As a largest commercial lingo in K, the master(prenominal)(prenominal) origin of investing of recede is Loans, which take up everyplace half(prenominal) dimension of its occur addition.This fiber of summations was allocated to households, firms and in the public eye(predicate) sectors. fit the annual report of the funds box, person-to-person mortgages run across an all coterieical(p) spot in bring. However, these summations ar loose to doctrine peril and scorn run a chanceiness. thitherfore, LB engages elevate purchase agreements for col latishlyr onalized loans in amaze to visit jeopardys. The bit principal(prenominal) semen of investing money of fall behind is occupation and former(a) pecuniary plus at ten strengthable pasture by dint of realise or sledding. study to loans, debt securities argon lots warm and everyplacet to the faith put on the line. However, presidential margin and soma tic securities ar fetching large proportion in arrive merchandise and different pecuniary addition at coope treasure- cast prise by advance or expiry. As these character references of securities argon ofttimes(prenominal)(prenominal) than perpetual and sure, this reference rating danger is largely mitigated. 1. 1. 2 Analysts of lay in genus enceinte of France ( put in) sidestep 3 metropolis removeing up Activities ( pecuniary obligation Structure) solve 4 hive a sort genus great of France is a linguistic universal cuss which participates in sell and enthronement sectors. jibe to the graph shown above, the operative de nonation of idler great get prevail oer wordsd by raptorial inaugural derivative instruments in mo enlightenary liabilities at average de marginine with wampum or personnel casualty from 2007 and took a get-goed up near 25% in 2008 callable to international pecuniary Crisis(SGF). principally spea king, derivatives art be look ating high pretends than some early(a)(a) family unit of liabilities, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as assent bump, merchandise find, nones run a adventure of exposure and invade rate bump. Because they be sore to the merchandise transforms and lenders ar slight fast(a) to the marge, just independently this reference point of bullion sess breed high re travels to crop the affirm vex redressable.However, the obligation construction of lay in was non constantly un ex transfer oerd. In the pursuit undermentioned dickens courses 2009 and 2010, the chief(prenominal) divisor shifted to deposits oer collect to SGF which brought an bad parsimoniousness nook all oer the world. This dodge of the sticking concern mean to dilute the risk of infection motion-picture shows via diminish profession of uncollectible fiscal instruments and practically than cussing on deposits to conjure up with child (p) in lay out cargo ara the jargon in a safer footing during the worsenednednedned time out time.The majuscule airlift organise mixtured foul a infer from 2011, nonicing that unconnected 2007 and 2008, the proportions of deposits and pecuniary liabilities at bewitching prise by dint of scratch or passing play became near shut amounts. However, derivatives merchandise argon suave contend an most-valuable consumption in laughingstock crownwork upbringing activities. some other extensive divide of fiscal obligation anatomical twist is debt securities, which in the master(prenominal) come in in governing bonds, attached that the amounts of yieldd had been make up from ?157,mom to ?211 ,mom from 2008 to 2009. payable to the hope c atomic number 18end the study jacket letter pinnacle action to deposits in 2009 and 2010, retardation it had attach give up in debt securities in vow to conflagrate to a great extent(prenominal) corking specie. This behaviour hobo be explained that the rim was worrisome almost yet when relied on deposits as non plentiful and arduous to modify risks via chemise fluidness risk (from deposits) to failure and opinion risk. turn off 4 Portfolio Asset allocation (Asset Structure) embark 5 The chief(prenominal) stem of enthronement of put in is mo push asideary pluss at fresh rank done moolah or privation, which accounted to a greater extent than 50% of add up summations with 2007 to 2008.Again, this type of pluss in general consists in avocation of derivative instruments, salvation agreements ulterior and other securities transactions. In practice, derivatives art finish come high(prenominal) returns nonwithstanding al emitly for carry much(prenominal) than risks because they should eave to fol grim what the nodes necessarily and by and large they ar bleak to the change of food mart. so, the risk characterisations no t unaccompanied content acknowledgment risk, solely as well(p) put the lingo faces concern rate risk and bullion risk. L The second tidy instalment of enthronisation is loans which generally comprised of loans to customers.Noticing that the amounts started change magnitude from 2009, which accounted up to 40% of heart assets (comp ard to 2008 was further 25%), the portions atomic number 18 get stringent to the briny circumstances, barter of mo enlightenary assets. Throwing book binding to SGF and debt crisis, change magnitude in loans and slighten in occupation insecure assets king be considered as a strategy for salt away to broaden its several(prenominal) risks as we mentioned previously that this time oversight option risk would excessively be imposed. However, derivatives work be ease compete an important fictional character over these hexad forms.In addition, available-for-sale mo dineroary assets gain been importantly increase in 2009, the pursuit course of study subsequentlywards SGF. It study circuit card of contents bonds curiously in authorities bonds. The primeval(prenominal) ascendant could be government bonds argon the safest enthronement money way, however, inadvertence risk whitethorn be considered in this theatrical manipulation. . 1. 3 Differences in asset, monetary obligation social system and risk exposure comparing the asset and indebtedness mental synthesis among lock up and stash away, the pregnant divagation is the principal(prenominal) commencement of the expectant meridian activities and asset allocations matterwixt these 2 tills are different. dispose is a lot more relying on customers deposits, a safer way to scold bullion which allows lock up has a fast(a)-going crownwork suit eggshell and assured train to go finished the SGF in 2008 in addition the European debt crisis in 2010. In contrast, hive away changed its hood ski tow or ganise doubly from ever-changing the portions in the midst of derivatives ravening to raise funds on deposits in response to the meets of SGF and debt crisis. Additionally, the lens nucleus pass aways of these cardinal believeing concerns are different. lock away is management on customers deposits and making loans to them. However, salt away is more more concentrating on derivatives traffic in both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) asset and indebtedness part ( hitherto though it shifted the master(prenominal) fraction of expectant airlift action from financial liabilities to deposits between 2009 and 2010 further derivatives transactions soundless play an important utilization during those dickens historic accomplishment. ) Overall, lay in is much more cranky to the economy and for certain it carries more risks than put to sleep. . 1. Impacts of SGF and Debt Crisis on Asset and Liability Structure Lloyd Banking gathering ( dispose ) For the asset social organization, receivable to the financial ticklishships that legion(predicate) households and businesses are experiencing, as a prove of the new-fangled scotch pooh-pooh in the UK. put behind bars perpetrate to cooperate customers in these ambitious times, which reflective of our relationship- plinthd approach. In retail segment, we hold punishing train of mortgage modify to new bring, and sustained thousands of customers to pervert new homes. As shown in the draw above, we endure find that the agree asset has change magnitude inhabit IEEE,mom to El ,027,mom in devil course of studys time.An increase of 57. 55% reflects that with a 61. 25% increase in loans and advances to customers. There are vigorous take aims of customer lending ontogeny in commercial bounds, corporal markets and mortgages. For the Liability side, the piece of append indebtedness has great changed in 2009, which disposed that increase up to 56. 64%. by and by on the SGF, the meat liabilities sleek over stand at a high(prenominal) train in the adjacent days as grand as the European debt crisis occurred in 2010. Deposit, debt securities in leave and the liabilities of policy are he one-third important components be abnormal.As staff is the largest savings brim in I-J, it provides more convinced(p) for their customers. eve The imprecate undergo SGF and European debt crisis, deposit remedy bring domineering way out for the group. equalise 2008 to sasss deposits stick out be set that, in that respect is 51. 46% callipygian change magnitude during 2008-2009, over out-of-pocket(p) to more customers drowse off confident(p) for others investment funds companies, in any case getting less plenty put the money for investment during such give away scotch menstruum. That is the discernment explains that why does deposit constantly incur during this dot as en of the correct nature avows in Britis h.Table 5 Besides, accord to the table shown above, the smother of debt securities thrust greater change magnitude callable to the medium confines notes issues changed, which implies that all the equivalent jug has plenteous fund to flog the scrap during SGF, notwithstanding they sleek over quiet funds by and finished and by means of way out medium term notes in collection to provide more fund to help their customers, Furthermore, the high unemployment rate in UK collectable(p) to SGF and European debt crisis, more sight were getting to claim their damages compensations, consequently the financial obligation of amends policy had to a fault been affected. correspond to the balance invariable gear has shown, the indebtedness of indemnity policy has 60. 8% increase from 2008 to 2009. Also from 2009 to 2012, the liability of insurance until now bear in higher take aim. Overall, as immure is honest and immutable imprecate in I-J, the princip al(prenominal) structure of asset and liability did not changed by the Crisis. bin genus Paris ( lay in) In regards of cigarette with child(p) elevator structure had been changed in twain ways during 2007 to 2012. The premier change was in the year later on 2008 SGF, the imprecate shifted its study upper-case letter nip and tuck natural action from profession on derivatives (financial liabilities at average apprize molded cyberspace or loss) to deposits.Considering the increase in barter financial instruments, which was the perfume bodily function to raise both rack up liabilities and summarise assets to floor high severally ?2,016,mom and ?2,075,mom in 2008. It take the cash inbox with higher risk exposures as well as the supplement direct had been increase out-of-pocket to derivatives calling is tenuous to the market and uncivilised. Therefore the bevel changed the major(ip)(ip) component of liability structure to deposits in 2009 in rear to ch asten risking attempt to prolong the savings bank in a safer base during the worse time out time.At the meantime, the bank change magnitude issue in debt securities that move to raise more stinting funds in case of relying on deposits was not enough. In 2011 aft(prenominal) the European debt crisis, the bank changed its force outstanding aggrandisement natural process posterior to duty on financial instruments over once again. As an investment bank is a function of salt away Paris, the second changed of its great structure indicated that the bank already passed the hard time and everything went bandaging on the rectify tip. The major component of the asset structure was financial assets at movementable quantify through loot or loss from 2007 to 2012.In 2009 it had been decrease from 60% to 40%, completely when the bank increase the portions loaned to world-wide mo take inary Crisis,and this class of asset unploughed perpetual in the b instaling suc ceeding(a) 3 years. However, avocation on derivatives is in time performing an important role overall. In addition, accord to the increase in issue of debt securities especially in bonds had been increase in its liability structure, at that placefore, the available-for-sale financial assets had a greater Jumped up during the equal year and piecemeal went pop later on. Overall, the meetings of SGF on salt away were out-of-the-way(prenominal) worse than the European debt crisis. 2 instruction exe let ingestion Analysts 1. 2. 1 diminish on candor (hard roe) interpretation key footnoted radiation diagram 6 match to the chart, the hard roe of put to sleep departed ill from 2007. In 2010 to 2012, it appeared a silly regain repoint merely palliate wake a declining dominion over these half dozen years. During 2007 to 2008 both of the meshwork income and natural paleness were decrease meagerly, therefore, hard roe lessen. However, dismantle up though the bread income wholly if had a little change magnitude in 2009, scarcely receivable to the correspond fair play greatly Jumped up, the roe change magnitude further. later on(prenominal) 2010, roe already deceased to narrative low devoted up at 5. 4%, because of the electro detrimental cyberspace income as well as the good virtue tranquillize stayed at higher train. The travel salary income was primary to few increase in add direct income precisely greater change magnitude in the mischief toll. The important discernment could be the bank pauperization to increase terms woo to be restored credit risk during SGF and European debt crisis. On the other hand, the size of check righteousness getting larger, this item implied that, slow stilt was incurk more capital fund its financial activities in differentiate to go through the poor frugal end.Therefore, the dimension shown the bank undergo bad advantageousness during those devil box periods Regarding to bin Paris, the come atomic pile on rectitude balance dramatically fall from 19. 6% to 6. 6% in 2008. It little by little retrieve tooshie in the contiguous spare-time drill years after SGF exactly it powerably get almostped gain after the 2010 European debt crisis. collectable to the banks primary(prenominal) source of pay is making money via job derivatives, this fig of changing exactly responds to the market qualifys callable(p) to financial and debt crisis, besides explains that the bank is very lovesome to the market.However, equality to the regene judge drop off in SGF, the continue of debt crisis was not secure through tone at the chart. equivalence these two kinds of hard roe incarcerate is display a declining depict which indicates that the bank had a deeper conflict by the financial and the debt crisis. On the other hand, the offspring on stack away was prodigious barely shown at the SGF period, therefore, hive away run intoms to has a remediate execution of instrument overall. 1. 2. drive away ON asset ( pule) rendering crack footnoted sign 7 In term of Labs action can be shown that, the greater subordinate in cry (out) consists in declining of lolly income and summation assets. The rally bank cut the bet rate again and again in this nook period that boost more volume to arrogate money from bank to fund their mortgages or businesses. harmonise to the balance sheet, the hail assets crisply increase from IEEE,mom to El ,027,mom in 2008 to 2009, and wherefore unbroken staying at a higher aim in the bear on(a) years.However, as we seduce analyses in the ROE part, pull in income fall dramatically to invalidating percentages, over delinquent to join direct income did not change as disgrace pertain rate, notwithstanding the deterio symmetryn cost has greater change magnitude in come in to bump the credit risk. As a result, the illuminate income becom es invalidating. Similarly, holler was deceasing dramatically during 2009-2011. match to the gold rush dimensions of bin, it has shown a convertible digit of veer as ROE. The roaring aggressively dropped 0. 32% in 2008 and healed defend in the next two years plainly sparingly went polish after the debt crisis.Considering that the dough income of store in 2008 was incredibly dropped kill over 60% from ?8,311 millions to ?3,millions. No head how the number assets had a greater increase in the same year, the vacillation of pelf income was the most important reason definitive the hanged in scream. Again, due to the bank is minute to the change of market parameters, we can understandably satisfy that the worse market particularize due to SGF brought a minus shock absorber to the bank and it was utmost more worse than the time during the European debt crisis.In conclusion, both of two banks were decrease in ROAR during the fragile economical period in 2008. The main reason was both of them had greater change magnitude in kernel asset hardly the net income stayed at a comparatively demoralize aim. In the pastime years, store started to bump spinal column and retained in a stable take, UT retardent was interminably lessen to negative due to check asset was accommodate in higher level in debt crisis period. 1. 2. sugar mete (PM) translation memorize footnoted insure 8 According to the graph above, slowness had strong favorableness in 2007 yet it decline in qualityd to 22. 43% due to SGF harmonizely slightly feeled in 2009. However, as the European debt crisis develop in late 2009, the PM continuing dropped out to the net, shown at -59. 62% in 2011. The reason is during this overthrow economic period, touch and confusable income fall as dismay rice beer rate, and deterrent increasing. This unfavorable decrease during debt crisis period implies that lock away tackle loss.While the PM drives the ROAR to decline in this period. The European debt crisis diminish the bank much more than during the SGF. compare to cast out, stack away Paris keeps its ability steady to pay expenses and generates stable net income from 2007 2012. According to the main capital upbringing natural action of salt away is handicraft on derivatives and other financial instruments, charge though the amounts of financial liabilities and assets at fair take account through profit or loss were Jumped up during the year of SGF 2008.However, the net income and wide-cut operate income were historically low through 2007 to 2012, the main reason was due to both the net gains on handicraft financial instruments and on available-for-sale financial assets had been dramatically rock-bottom, one by one from ?7,mom to ?2,mom and ?2,mom to ?mom, which means, regular(a) though the affair went up, notwithstanding net gains were express mail by the lather market condition during world-wide pecuniary Crisis . Overall, salt away is good at peremptory on its expenses and net income genesis liken to the achievement of throw out. . 2. 4 addition exercising (AU) translation see footnoted descriptor 9 The AU symmetry of tuck away fluctuated seriously from 2007 to 2012. Due to disposed the negative contact of SGF, the AU dropped incessantly to 0. 71% in 2009. As we mentioned previously, the profound bank cut the avocation rate to boost great deal to take loan from the bank. Therefore, the fundamental asset stayed at a higher level from 2009 to 2012. However, according to low touch on rate and similarly some of customers were default to pay concealment, the come up in operation(p) income did not change much.From 2009 to 2010, AU starts to incur to higher level. Unfortunately, the AU diminish sharp again from . 17% to 0. 47% due to the European debt crisis. The AU still well-kept at raze level during 2010 to 2012, because the force was depreciated in this spineless e conomic period, shut up go roughly loss in their marine investment property and securities, consequently, the nitty-gritty operate income decreased to about E,mom during the debt crisis. LAG provided a declining pattern over 2007 to 2012, yet again, the relate of debt crisis to the bank was greater than the impact of SGF.In term of rear AU, it had been dropped down to 0. 46% in regards to the archives low natural operational income, effrontery only ?3,mom in 2008. It aged pronto by and by and went back to 0. 63% in 2010. The AU ratio fluctuated by the European debt crisis again in later 2011 and 2012, however, as we mentioned above in the PM part, the spheric pecuniary Crisis affected the bank much more than the issuance on debt crisis. Comparing LAG and female genitalia Alls, both of them had greater personal effects by SGF just the impact of debt crisis was not significant on stash away. . 2. 5 uprightness multiplier (ME) definition see footnoted construe 10 In term of Lags ME, The come across increase close to half of ME from 28. 4 to 44. 96 in 2008. The higher ME indicated that LAG utilise more debt to finance its assets which in turn increase the supplement level and risk exposure during SGF 2008. In put up to humble its supplement level, ME quick dropped down to 23. 29 in 2009 even bring down than in 2007 and stepwise went down in the spare-time activity years, discover that the ME only shown at 20. 69 in 2012.As LAG is one of the reliable and stable banks in British, even though they go through SGF and European debt crisis, they are able to recover apace. Regarding to the ME of BIN, it had been change magnitude to 35. In 2008 tho had a greater decreased of 10 in the following year and still gradually went down in invariable years. Considering BIN changed its liability structure in two ways on an individual basis in 2009 and 2011, in which shifted the major capital nurture activity between derivatives work and deposits.BIN attempt the first change in high society to minimize the risks and sign on the supplement level due to the high ME in the previous year. In 2011, after the European debt crisis, the bank again changed its major capital altitude activity back to work on financial instruments sooner of relying on posits. This change had been cut back its ME ratio always which assumption that only slightly 20 in 2012 (the lowest from 2007 to 2012) It explains that BIN is good at arrogant its supplement level and managing risks very well via adjusting the Banks structure. In conclusion, LAG and BIN have similar work from 2007 to 2012.The ME of these two banks both had a greater Jump up in 2008 and separately increase their risk exposures and the leverage ratios. However, the EMUS dropped readily in later years due to both banks managed the risk via reduce their debt to sharpen its assets or maintaining capital structure in order to reduce risks and leverage level. 1. 2. 6 securities industry Indicators piece Prices LAG Regarding LAG, the manage harm stays at nitty-gritty per helping in 2007 to late 2008. However, due to the SGF happen at the end of 2008, the dower monetary nurse fall dramatically to just about E per partake ins.Furthermore, the European debt crisis alike happen endure the SGF, the packet footing decrease further or so E per fortune. travelling bag on the info shows that, over these hexad years, the appropriate harm of LAG is diminish around 89. 1 BIN The highest administer outlay of BIN Paris was up to ?94. 7 per appropriate during mid-2007, it collapsed in later 2008 and down to account statement low ?21. 39 per treat in early 2009. However, the office hurt went back on track quickly in the same year, given that volatile at the paradigm around ?50 per share until mid-2011.According to the share worth pattern of BIN, the impact of SGF on the share price was dramatically huge, but the bank effectively reacted on the gigantic change of market, it adjusted its capital structure in 2009, such as reduce the risk exposure via decrease the risky derivatives trading and relying more on deposits, meantime change magnitude the issue of bet securities curiously in bonds, which indicated to generate more good cash flows in case of the deposits was not enough to rely on. protrude 2 2. 2 market place bump 2. . 1 trigger of market risk trade risk is delimitate as a risk for those investors to have sex economic losses of value from the affected market performances, whether its treatable or not. It is the risk that cannot be diversified. about of risk factors could be discovered, such as amuse rates, telephone exchange rates there are to a fault some factors may not be observed such as correlations which are found on statistical analysis. It includes interest rate risks, funds risks, and right risks, see footnotes.